b. defend the body
c. Platelets
help repair damage
3. Regulation
a. Hormones
b. Maintains
homeostasis
II. Describe the components of
blood and identify their roles.
1. Blood
is a liquid tissue.
a. Plasma
b. Red
blood cell (Erythrocytes)
i.
5 million/c mm
ii.
Live for 120 days
iii.
Contains
Hemoglobin
iv.
Carry oxygen to other body cells
v.
They also carry carbon dioxide
c. White
blood cells (Macrophages)(leukocyte)
i.
Help defend the body against invading bacteria and
other intruders. The soldier of the immune system.
ii.
4,000 to 11,000/ c mm
iii.
Live 30 min.
d. Platelets
i.
Help repair damaged blood vessels
ii.
Play an important role in blood clotting.
iii.
250,000 to 500, 000 cu mm
iv.
Circulate for 3 to 8 days
III. Explain
the relationship between the three major types of blood vessels.
Blood vessels
1. Arteries
carry blood away from the heart.
a. Mostly
oxygen-rich blood.
b. Have
highly elastic muscular walls
2. Veins-
carries blood to the heart.
a. Walls
are thin, only slightly elastic.
b. Have
many valves
i.
How is backflow prevented?
1. Folds
called valves prevent blood flowing wrong direction
ii.
If they are not working properly you
Could get varicose
veins.
3. Capillaries
– materials are exchanged
a. Walls
are one cell thick
b. Able
to diffuse substances through them
i.
Oxygen and nutrients
ii.
Connect arteries to veins
4. Examples-Jugular-
vein in neck, returns blood from head to heart
Carotid artery-
in neck, supplies blood to head
Descending aorta-
supplies oxygen to lower body
Femoral artery-
supplies blood to thigh
Femoral vein-
from leg to heart
Inferior vena cava-
collects blood from the lower half of the body
IV. What are the major blood types?
1.The blood type is
determined by the presence or absence of specific marker proteins.
If your blood type is:
You can receive to:
O O only
A A and O
B B and O
AB A, B, AB, and O
Another type of protein marker on the surface of
the red blood cell is the Rh factor.
a. 85
% of humans have the RH cell surface marker on their red blood cells thus are
called RH positive (Rh+)
b. It
is called RH factor because it was first identified in rhesus monkeys.
c. Humans
who lack this protein have Rh negative.
d. Mothers
and their antibodies may affect future pregnancies if they differ from their
children.
V. Contrast
the role of the lymphatic system with that of general circulation.
The lymph system gathers and returns to the blood excess
fluid and proteins that have filtered from the blood. In its travel back to
the blood, the lymph fluid must pass through nodes. The nodes filter foreign
matter and prevent cancerous cells and disease-causing agents from entering
the blood stream.
Again the circulation transports, protects, and
regulates.
VI.
Describe the structure of the heart.
1. Four-chambered
2. Left
side is more muscle bound because it pumps to the whole
body.
3. 2
Atrium- top chambers
4. 2
Ventricle- bottom chambers
5. When
describing left, and right always use the patient’s orientation to describe, so
not your left and right, but theirs.
6. Superior
vena cava
7. Pacemaker-
what makes the heart beat
8. Tricuspid
9. Inferior
vena cava
10.
Chordae tendinae
11.
Aorta
12.
Pulmonary arteries
13.
Pulmonary veins
14.
Bicuspid valve
15.
Descending aorta
VII. Trace
the two routes the blood can take through the body.
1. Pulmonary
carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to heart.
2. Blood
flow to heart and lungs begins as oxygen-poor blood travels from both the superior
and inferior venae cavae.
3. The
blood first enters the right atrium and is pumped into the right
ventricle.
4. From
the right ventricle, the blood is pumped through the pulmonary arteries.
5. The
pulmonary arteries transport the blood to the lungs. There the blood
picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide and other waste
6. The
pulmonary veins, not shown on other side, transport the newly oxygenated
blood from the lung back to heart.
7. The
left atrium receives oxygen rich blood
8. The
left ventricle is the final chamber.
9. The
aorta pumps oxygen rich blood to body.
10.
Systemic circulation
carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body
11.
Pulmonary circulation –
differs because the veins and arteries have reverse oxygen blood levels from
the rest of the body.
VIII. Explain
the significance of blood pressure, and explain how it is measured.
(Page 664)
1. When
the ventricles contract, blood is forced into the arteries, which exerts
pressure on the walls of the blood vessel. When the ventricles relax, the
pressures decreases.
2. When
you take your pulse this is what you are feeling, the expansion and contraction
of an artery with each heartbeat.
3. Blood
pressure is measured by cuffing, gradually deflating, listening to the
heartbeat, watching mercury levels for systolic and diastolic readings.
4. Systolic
pressure –tells how much pressure is exerted when the
heart contracts and blood flows through the arteries.
5. Diastolic
pressure- tells how much pressure is exerted when the
heart relaxes.
IX.
Summarize the value of a blood analysis
in describing homeostasis.
1. Blood
chemistry can be used to detect
a. Toxic
buildup
b. Proper
concentrations of
i.
Sugars,
ii.
Proteins
iii.
Lipids, like cholesterol
iv.
Hormones
v.
Enzymes
vi.
Vitamins
vii.
Antibodies, white blood cells
1. Distinguish
between a bacterial infection, viral infection, or allergic responses
c. Platelet
values indicate of the blood can clot normally.
d. The
relative concentration of red blood cells and hemoglobin are useful in
detecting anemias and red blood cell abnormalities like these sickle cells.
VI.
Describe the causes and symptoms of two cardiovascular
diseases.
1. Atherosclerosis
a. Plague-
buildup blocks blood flow
b. Tissue
becomes oxygen starved, and dies.
2. hypertension
a. blood
pressure is high than normal brain or heart ceases to direct body functions
VII. Explain
how the diaphragm and rib muscles work to move air into and out of the
lungs.
1. alveoli
are tiny air sacs clusters in the lungs where gas exchange
occurs, hemoglobin quickly bonds with oxygen, carbon dioxide diffuses
into the air.
2. During
inhalation muscles in the chest contract, the diaphragm contracts, rib
cage moves up, air pressure in the cavity moves up.
3. During exhalation, the
diaphragm relaxes and moves up, and the size of the chest cavity
decreases, air pressure decreases forces air to be exhaled.
VIII. Describe
the pathway by which oxygen from air travels to a cell in the body.
Air is taken in through the nose or mouth, passes through the
pharynx, larynx, and trachea, into many branches with in the lungs containing alveoli sac clusters, ion
which the capilaries there exchange the gases bound to the hemoglobin. Refer to
VII to trace the path the blood takes to the cells then the capilaries where
needed.
IX.
Describe three diseases of the
respiratory system.
1.
Asthma- a disease in
which certain airways becaome contricted because of sensitivity to stimuli
2. 2. Emphysema- the
lung looses its elasticity greatly reducing gas exchange 3. Lung cancer- carcinogens
present in tobacco smoke trigger the growth of cancer cells
