Chapter 18 Bacteria and Viruses Objectives and study guide

 

 

  1. List the three general shapes of bacteria.
  2. State three differences between bacteria and typical eukaryotic cells. Differentiate bacterial cell and a eukaryotic cell. List 3 structure found in a eukaryotic cell that is not present in a bacterial cell.
  3. Define the term bacterial growth.
  4. Name two reasons why decomposers are important.
  5. List five ways that bacteria can spread.

 

 

  1. Summarize 3 ways to prevent infection from bacterial diseases.

 

 

  1. Name three characteristics of living things that viruses do not have.

 

 

  1. Explain how a virus is reproduced.

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Name three parts of a typical animal virus

 

 

 

  1. Draw the structure of  bacterial cell.

 

 

 

 

  1. Explain how bacteria reproduce.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Distinguish between the diverse ways bacteria obtain nutrition.(3)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. How Bacteria affect Humans? Describe 3 beneficial effects of bacteria.

List 5 human diseases caused by bacteria.

 

 

 

  1. Evaluate the importance of antibiotics in fighting bacterial diseases.

 

 

 

 

 

  1. How does Gram staining help a doctor prescribe treatment for a bacterial infection?

 

 

  1. Describe one way in which bacteria are used to treat a disease.

 

 

  1. Name four diseases caused by bacteria. Identify the mode of transmission for each disease.

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Explain why pasteurization is effective in preventing bacterial contamination.

 

 

 

  1. Why is it important to finish the entire course of antibiotics prescribes by a physician?

 

 

  1. Draw a virus and label its parts.

 

 

  1. Explain why a vaccination against influenza will not give you life long protection against the flu.

 

 

 

  1. Which do antibiotics sometimes affect? viruses or bacteria

 

  1. Gram staining

 

 

 

 

  1. conjugation

 

 

  1. chemosynthesis

 

 

  1. pathogen

 

  1. pasterization

 

 

  1. vaccine

 

 

 

 

  1. penicillin

 

 

  1. antibiotic

 

 

 

 

  1. antibiotic resistance

 

 

 

  1. virus

 

  1. HIV

 

 

  1. AIDS

 

 

 

  1. bacilli

 

 

  1. spirillium

 

 

  1. cocci

 

 

  1. strep-throat

 

 

  1. tuberculosis

 

 

  1. E. coli

 

 

  1. Ebola

 

 

     42.rabies

 

1.     1.Rod (bacilli), Spherical (cocci), Spiral(Spirillium)

 

2.     Bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles and chromosomes, and cell nucleus, therefore are prokaryotic.

 

 

3.     Bacteria grow in numbers not size.

 

4.     Decomposers return nutrients to the environment, decay dead organisms, fix nitrogen, are helpful in food prep and drugs.

5.     Water, air, food, contact with people or things they touch, and animals.

6.     Sanitation, hygiene, vaccines, antibiotics, pasteurization, extreme temperatures.

7.     They are not made of cells, cannot make proteins by themselves, and cannot use energy, and can only reproduce inside another living cell.

8.     A virus reproduces by entering a host cell by binding to a surface protein receptor and taking over the reproductive  machinery of that cell. New viruses are then assembled and released from the cell.

9.     a core of genetic materials surrounded by a protein coat, an outer lipid envelope derived from the membrane of the host cell

 

10. A single DNA molecule, ribosome, cytoplasm, lipid/ protein cell wall(s), flagella for movement.

 

 

11. First the DNA is copied, and then the cell divides. A complete set of DNA is passes into each of the two daughter cells that are produced when the cell divides.

 

 

 

12. Autotrophic bacteria use photosynthesis that basically involves using light energy; and chemosynthesis, which involves harvesting the energy of inorganic molecules, heterotrophic, feed on dead animals and plants and animal and plant waste.

 

 

13. Good and bad; yogurt, cheese, pickles, man made snow, photos, clean up oil spills nitrogen fixing, Tetanus, salmonella food poisoning, lyme disease, Tuberculosis, diphtheria, bubonic plague, typhus, cholera, typhoid, leprosy.

 

14. They are currently important but may not be as important in the future because of resistant stands evolving and the antibiotics are loosing their abilities to kill the bacteria.

 

 

15. Gram-negative are unaffected by many antibiotics because they can’t penetrate the additional outside layer

 

16. Killed whooping cough bacteria can be used to make a vaccine.

 

 

17. Tuberculosis & Diphtheria- both airborne water, Syphilis- sexual contact, Bubonic plague- by fleas, Typhus- Lice, Tetanus- wounds, Cholera- water, Typhoid- food and water, Leprosy – contact, Lyme- ticks.

 

18. It is effective because heating to a particular temperature for a set time will kill most bacteria.

 

 

19.Weaker bacteria are killed but the mildly resistant survive to reproduce and if  you do not finish the antibiotics, they come back with avenges.

 

20. Protein coat, RNA, protein capsid

 

 

21.Viruses mutate rapidly. The proteins on their surface change. The body does not immediately recognize the viruses as a  pathogen, therefore it can still cause disease.

 

22. some bacteria only

 

23. use of dyes to stain bacterial cell walls to aid in identification and diagnosis.

 

 

24. the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another.

 

25. production of food using the energy contained in inorganic molecules.

26. disease causing agent.

 

27. heating foods to a certain temperature over a certain time.

 

 

28. a solution that contains pathogens or their toxins that have been made harmless.

 

29. an antibacterial drug that is produced by mold

 

 

30. antibacterial drugs that prevent bacteria from making new cell walls.

 

31. bacteria that survive reproducing offspring more resistant than the previous generations.

 

32.microscopic particles that invade cells and often destroy them.

33.  Human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS

 

34 AIDS-Aquired immune deficiency syndrome

 

 

35. a class of rod shaped bacteria

 

36.  a class of spiral shaped bacteria

 

 

37. a class of spherical shaped bacteria

 

 

38. a disease caused by gram-positive bacteria  

 

39.   a bacterial disease spread by airborne water droplets

 

40. A bacteria that is Gram-negative and resistant to antibiotics, it  lives in your intestine.  

 

 

41.  a viral disease that makes you bleed to death

 

42.  viral diseases transmitted by the bite of an infected animal