Biology Fall Semester Review sheet

1. Introduction to Biology (Chapters 1 and 2)

2. Chemistry ( Chapter 3)

3. Cell Structure ( Chapter 7)*

4. Cell and Environment (Chapter 8)

5. Cell Reproduction( Chapters 10 and 11)             

6. Mendel and Heredity ( Chapter 12)

7. DNA, RNA, and Proteins (Chapter 13)*

8. Photosynthesis and Respiration (Chapter 9)

*=project included

Introduction to Biology (Chapters 1 and 2)

Independent variable

Dependant variable

Hypothesis

Control group

Theory

Homeostasis

Scientific Method

SI

Biology

What is living?

Chemistry ( Chapter 3)

Atoms (parts, charges)/molecule

Elements/ compound

Valence electron

Ion

Cohesion/adhesion

Solution

Acid/base

pH/buffer

macromolecules (carbs, lipids, proteins(amino acids), nucleic acid)

nucleotide

DNA/RNA

ATP/ energy

Reactant/ product

Activation energy

Enzyme

Substrate

Active site

Cell Structure ( Chapter 7)

Projects (rubric)

parts and functions

cell membrane

cytoplasm

ribosome

nucleus

organelle

vesicle

endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Vacuoles

Chloroplast

mitochondrion

Phospholipid Bilayer

Flagellum

Colonial organisms

Organization of living things(cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism)

Surface area/volume ratio

Differentiate between an plant and animal cell

Differentiate between prokaryote and eukaryote

Microscope parts and functions

Cell and Environment (Chapter 8)

Egg lab

Phospholipid Bilayer

Homeostasis

Passive transport equilibrium

Concentration gradient

Diffusion

Simple

Facilitated

Channel, Receptors, & protein markers

Osmosis

Hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic

Contractile vacuoles

Active transport

Sodium-potassium pump

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Signal/targets

Receptor proteins

Second messenger

Cell Reproduction( Chapters 10 and 11)

Karyotype lab and mitosis lab

4 steps of mitosis

8 steps of meiosis

Differentiate between similar phases of each

What are the chromosomes doing?

3 stages of the cell cycle

Differentiate chromatin, chromatid, chromosome and gene

Parts and functions of both mitosis and meiosis

Centromere/ nucleosome/ centrosome

Cytokinesis

Spindle fibers

Tumor/ cancer

Feedback

Gamete

Zygote

Chromosome number

Haploid/ diploid stages

Homologous chromosome

Autosomes and sex chromosomes (xY)

Crossing-over

Independent assortment

Compare results of mitosis and Meiosis

Life cycle

Compare the Results of Spermatogenesis to Oogenesis (polar bodies, germs cells)

Ovum

Mendel and Heredity ( Chapter 12)

Baby coin lab,

Probability and odds

Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel

Characters/ traits

Hybrids, self-pollination, cross-pollination

Generation

Ratios/ Punnett squares

Allele

Dominant/recessive

Genotype/phenotype

Homozygous/heterozygous

Independent assortment

Linked genes

Dihybrid cross

Pedigree

Genetic disorder

Sex-linked traits

Polygenic characters

Incomplete dominance(blended) / Codominance ( both fully)

Multi Alleles (blood types)

Environmental affects on genes

Linked genes

DNA, RNA, and Proteins (Chapter 13)*

DNA Model, code lab, mRNA lab

Transcription( DNA to RNA)/translation (RNA to protein)

Initiation, elongation, termination

Codon/anticodons

DNA synthesis

DNA, parts, shape ( double helix)

Genes

Nucleotide

Nitrogenous bases

Purine (A & G)

Pyrimidine ( T & C)

History

Griffith’s mouse experiments

Avery’s nucleic acids transform bacteria

Hershey-Chase DNA is hereditary material

Base-pair rules/ Chargaff

Complementary sides

Watson/Crick/Franklin ( shape & X-ray diffraction)

Steps to DNA Replication

Helicases- unwind/ replication fork

DNA polymerase- proofreading complementary nucleotides

Two identical DNA strands result

Prokaryotic compared to eukaryotic replication

Compare RNA to DNA

Types of RNA (mRNA(messenger), tRNA(reads to an amino acid), rRNA, ribosomal RNA ( protein production)

RNA more oxygen

Uracil base instead of thymine

RNA single strand, DNA double

DNA stays in the nucleolus, RNA travels

Genetic code

Codons for amino-acids

Translation

Anticodon

Start codons/ stop codons/ polypeptide

Gene expression protein based

Photosynthesis and Respiration (Chapter 9)

Enzyme lab

Equations for both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Balancing Equations

CO₂ + H₂O C₆H₁₂+O₆+ O₂

How many should you start with ? 6 of each

Law of Conservation of matter

Do plants respire?

What do mitochondria do?

CO₂ + H₂O

Carbon cycle ( page 199)

How is solar energy related to the carbon cycle?

3 stages of Photosynthesis

Harvesting light

Electron transport chains

Sugar produced

Thylakoid sacs

pigments

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll b

carotenoids

electromagnetic radiation

Calvin Cycle (carbon dioxide fixation/ dark reaction)

carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP

Carbon fixation

Absorb energy

Making sugar

Recycle

Factors that affect Photosynthesis

1. Light intensity

2. Carbon dioxide concentration

3. Temperature

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis

Breaking down glucose

NADH production

Pyruvate production

Anaerobic process (no oxygen required)

Aerobic respiration= requires oxygen

1. Krebs Cycle ( converts pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water)

Pyruvate (C-C-C) from glycolysis

releases a CO₂ & C-C adds to C-C-C-C (in cycle already)

CO₂ is released from the six-carbon compound, making 5 C, and again making 4 Carbon compound

4 C rearrange and combine with a new 2 C unit

This yields 1 ATP, 3NADH, & FADH₂

2. Electron Transport chain (in mitochondria)

Electrons are carried by NADH and FADH_{2 pass through this chain}

_{Energy is transferred into each molecule through which} the electrons pass.

(H+ pumps)

Active transport H+, causing a concentration gradient across the inner membrane

The enzyme ATP synthase helps the H+ diffuse through a channel and produce ATP from ADP

An oxygen atom combines with these electrons and two H+ions to form water, if no oxygen transport chain stops

Fermentation ( two kinds) break down carbs by enzymes, bacteria, yeast, mold, without oxygen

Lactic acid fermentation

Vigorous exercise, not enough oxygen in animals muscles

So glycolysis becomes the only source of ATP

Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid

Alcoholic fermentation

Pyruvate is broken down to ethanol, releasing carbon dioide

ATP=energy source ATP= ADP + P + energy

Co₂ attaches to H+ H₂0 in 1^st stage

Carriers NAD+ & NADPH (Electron transport chain in mitochondrion)

Autotrophs/heterotroph

What does ATP stand for?

Trace the pathway of energy through living things.

Welcome to a new YEAR!!!

Get supplies to be successful.

Come with a positive attitude!

1. Recordable CD.

2. 3 ring binder in the following colors:

Red 1st

Orange 2nd

Yellow 4^th

Green 5^th

Blue 6^th

Purple 7^th

If you can’t find right color by black or white.

3. Plastic portfolio with pockets and brads ( same colors)

4. Paper

5. Plastic sheet protectors

6. 5 divider tabs

7. A writing utensil of your choice

8. a calculator will be needed for some labs

9. color pencils will also be needed for some labs.

10. colored masking tape the color of your class may be brought for 10 points and well as tissues ( this week only!)

Cell communications

Egg Lab Worksheet 10

Informal Lab write-up Egg 35

Yellow Enzyme Lab Worksheet

Egg Lab Worksheet 10

Informal Lab write-up Egg 35

Yellow Enzyme Lab Worksheet 10

Mitosis Learning Packet

Cells

M Cell film Parts and Functions

T Need books working on the chapter

W Finish up any worksheets they are due Friday

R Cell math ws

F Folders are due, Working on Cell projects in class

M Work on cell projects

T PROJECTS DUE

T-Chapter vocabulary

T-Microscope parts and functions

W-Chapter Study guide

R-Microscope lab

F-Cell Lab

Bacteria and Virus lab

System Broachers

Endocrine Unit