Solutions

Review Packet

Objectives:

• Perform calculations with different solution concentrations
• Discuss the effects of temperature, pressure, and structure on stability
• Perform calculations with Raoult’s Law
• Understand colligative properties such as boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure
• Use colligative properties to determine the molar mass of a solute

Chapters 3, 4, 11

Equations (from yellow sheet)

ΔT_f = iK_f x molality

ΔT_b = iK_b x molality

π = MRT

A = abc

Notes

I. Solutions and their compositions

A. Types of solutions

B. Composition

1. Molarity

2. Molality

3. Mass percent

4. Mole fraction

C. Factors affecting solubility

1. Structural effects

2. Pressure effects

3. Temperature effects

D. Vapor pressures of solutions

1. Raoult’s law

2. Real vs. ideal solutions

E. Solvation

1. Saturated, unsaturated, supersaturated

2. Heat of solution

· Exothermic

· Endothermic

3. Like dissolves like

II. Colligative properties

A. Boiling point elevation

B. Freezing point depression

C. Osmotic pressure

D. Electrolytic solutes

E. Applications of colligative properties