Acids and Bases

Review Packet

Objectives:

  • Understand the acid-base theories of Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis
  • Identify strong acids and bases and calculate their pH’s
  • Calculate the pH of a weak acid or base
  • Calculate the concentration of a strong or weak acid or base from its pH
  • Calculate the pH and ion concentrations in a polyprotic acid
  • Predict the pH of a salt from its formula and then calculate the pH of the salt
  • Identify the components of a buffer and perform calculations involving the preparation of a buffer and the addition of strong acid or strong base to a buffer
  • Perform calculations involving strong acid-strong base titrations as well as weak acid-strong base and weak base-strong acid calculations
  • Be familiar with titration curves and selection of an acid-base indicator
  • Salt solutions
  • Common-Ion Effect

 

Chapters 4, 16, 17

 

Equations and Constants (on yellow sheet)

14 = pH + pOH                                                                        Ka = [H+][A-] / [HA]

pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]                                            Kb = [OH-] [HB+]/[B]

pOH = pKb + log [HB+]/[B]                                          Kw = [OH-][H+] = 10-14 @ 25° C           = Ka x Kb

pKa= - log Ka; pKb = - log Kb                                                    pH = - log [H+], pOH = - log [OH-]     

 

Notes

I.          Acid/Base Definitions

            A.        Arrhenius

            B.        Brønsted-Lowry

                        1.         Amphoterism

                        2.         Conjugate acid-base pairs

            C.        Lewis

            D.        Strengths of acids and bases

·         How strength relates to the molecular structure

AP Tip

Base dissociation: Always remember to react the base with water. Use the Arrhenius and BL theories to help write the reaction. Remember to check the charges of the reactants and products and be sure that the sums of the charges on both sides of the reaction are equal.

--Fast Track to a 5 Preparing for the AP Chemistry Examination

 
 
 


II.        pH Scale

            A.        pH scale

            B.        Calculating hydrogen ion concentration

            C.        Calculating pH of weak acids

            D.        Polyprotic acids

            E.         Base equilibria

            F.         Relationship between Ka and Kb

            G.        Titration Curves

 

III.       Salt Solutions

            A.        Salts from strong acids and bases

            B.        Salts from strong acids and weak bases

            C.        Salts from weak acids and strong bases

            D.        Salts from weak acids and weak bases

            E.         Common-Ion Effect

            F.         Buffers

                        1.         Quantitative Aspects of Buffers

                        2.         Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation